word sentence
1.hostility - Before hostilities began….
meaning : N. 1. A hostile (very unfriendly) disposition. 2. A state of deep-seated ill-will 3. The feeling of a hostile person4. Violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked.
2.virtual – They strongly objected to being taxed yet represented only through the concept of “virtual representation”in Parliament.
meaning : Adj.1. Being actually such in almost every respect.. Being such in essence or effect though not in actual fact
3.dislodge – American rebels seized a point of high groundin Boston and forced the British to attemptto dislodge them
meaning : V.1. Remove or force out from a position. 2. Change place or direction. 3.Remove or force from a position of dwelling previously occupied.
4.insufficient – Supplies for the Continental army were often insufficient
meaning : Adj. 1. Of a quantity not able to fulfill a need or requirement
5.revolt – While the colonies were in revolt…
meaning : N. 1. Organized opposition to authority V. 1. Make revolution 2. Fill with distaste
6.establish – although the government established by the Articles was limited in power.
meaning : V.1. Set up or found 2. Set up or lay the groundwork for 3. Bring about 4. Place
7.negotiate – who was sent to Paris to negotiate with Britain’s traditional enemy.
meaning : V. 1.Discuss the terms of an arrangement
8. defection – Prior to Arnold’s defection….
meaning : N. 1. Withdrawing support or help despite allegiance or responsibility
9.hamper – the British insertion into Northern New York was hampered by many problems…
meaning : N. 1. A restraint that confines or restricts freedom 2. The state of having rejected your religious beliefs or your political party or a cause.
10.superiority – The overwhelming superiority of the British army forced the American forces out of the major cities during the brutal winters of the war
meaning : N. 1. The quality of being superior 2. The quality of being a competitive advantage. 3. Displaying a sense of being better than others 4. The state of excelling or surpassing or going beyond usual limits.
11.splendid – President Thomas Jefferson guided a splendid piece of foreign diplomacy through the U.S.
meaning : Adj.1. Having great beauty and splendor 2. Characterized by or attended with brilliance or grandeur
12.territory – the purchase of Louisiana territory from France.
meaning : N.1. A region marked off for administrative or other purposes.
13. intelligent – an intelligent and literate man
meaning : Adj.1. Having the capacity for thoughtand reason especially to a high degree 2. Possessing sound knowledge
14.penetrate – American and European explorers had only penetrated
meaning : V.1. Pass into or through 2. Come to understand.
15.upstream – That summer and fall the company of explorers paddled and pulled themselves upstream
meaning : Adj.1. In the direction against a stream’s current. Adv.1. Toward the source or against the current. 2. Against the current;
16.journal – With journals in hand
meaning : N.1. A daily written record of experiences and observations. 2. A periodical dedicated to a particular subject 3. A ledger in which transactions have been recorded as they occurred. 4. A record book as a physical object. 5. The part of the axle contained by a bearing.
17.Additionally - Additionally…..
meaning : Adv.1. By way of addition
18.portaged – and spots where the Corps spent each night or camped or portaged for longer periods of time
meaning : N.1. The cost of carrying or transporting. 2. Overland track between navigable waterways. 3. Carrying boats and supplies overland.
19.probe – Later explorers used these maps
meaning : N .1. An inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities 2. A flexible slender surgical instrument used to explore wounds or body cavities. 3. An exploratory action or expedition.
20.immigrant – Over the next two centuries the new Americans and many immigrants would wash across the central and western portions of what would eventually become the contiguous 48 United States.
meaning : N.1. A person who comes to country where they were not born in order to settle there.
unit 2 – Civil War and Reconstruction
1. propel – The rights of states and the issue of slavery propelled the country into civil war.
meaning : v.1. to drive, or cause to move, forward or onward. 2. to impel or urge onward.
2. ratification – the states of the southern United States broke away from the federal union that had existed since the ratification of the Constitution.
meaning : n. 1. the act of ratifying; confirmation; sanction. 2. the state of being ratified.
3. secession – the president steadfastly maintained throughout the war that the secession was illegal and that the newly formed Confederate States of America was not valid as a new nation to the world.
meaning : n. 1. an act or instance of seceding. 2. (often initial capital letter) U.S. History. the withdrawal from the Union of 11 Southern states in the period 1860–61, which brought on the Civil War.
4. exploit – the two regions fought a war that exploited the advantages and opportunities that each held over the other before their differences could be resolved.
meaning : n. a striking or notable deed; feat; spirited or heroic act: the exploits of Alexander the Great.
5. enlistee – a potential source for military enlistees and civilian manpower.
meaning : n. 1. a person who enlists for military service 2. an enlisted man or woman.
6. rebellion – but it held several that would pose great threats to attempts by their Northern neighbors to end the rebellion.
meaning : n. 1. open, organized, and armed resistance to one’s government or ruler. 2. resistance to or defiance of any authority, control, or tradition. 3. the act of rebelling.
7. borders – states along the borders of the two powers.
meaning : n. 1. the part or edge of a surface or area that forms its outer boundary. 2. the line that separates one country, state, province, etc., from another; frontier line: You cannot cross the border without a visa. 3.the frontier of civilization. 4.the district or region that lies along the boundary line of another 5.brink; verge. 6. an ornamental strip or design around the edge of a printed page, a drawing, etc.
8. secure – First, control of the Mississippi River had to be secured to allow unimpeded movement of needed Western goods.
meaning : adj. 1.free from or not exposed to danger or harm; safe. 2. dependable; firm; not liable to fail, yield, become displaced, etc., as a support or a fastening 3. affording safety, as a place 4. in safe custody or keeping 5. free from care; without anxiety 6. safe from penetration or interception by unauthorized v. 1. to get hold or possession of; procure; obtain 2. to make firm or fast, as by attaching 3. to lock or fasten against intruders
9. smuggler – the South had to be cut off from international traders and smugglers that could aid the Southern war effort.
meaning : v. 1. to import or export (goods) secretly, in violation of the law, esp. without payment of legal duty. 2. to bring, take, put, etc., surreptitiously
10. capitalize – It was these measures that the South had to counter with their own plans to capitalize on early victories that weakened the Northern resolve to fight,
meaning : v.1. to write or print in capital letters or with an initial capital. 2. to authorize a certain amount of stocks and bonds in the corporate charter of 3. to issue stock as a dividend, thereby capitalizing retained earnings, or as settlement of an unpaid arrearage of preferred dividends. 4. to supply with capital. 5. to estimate the value of (a stock or an enterprise).
UNIT 3
1. legislation – and this piece of legislation would continue to have regional and political overtones.
meaning : N. 1. the act of making or enacting laws.
2. a law or a body of laws enacted.
2. overtones – and this piece of legislation would continue to have regional and political overtones.
meaning : N. 1. Music. an acoustical frequency that is higher in frequency than the fundamental.
2. an additional, usually subsidiary and implicit meaning or quality
3. distribution – The distribution of Government lands had been an issue since the Revolutionary War.
meaning : N. 1. an act or instance of distributing.
2. the state or manner of being distributed.
3. arrangement; classification.
4. something that is distributed.
5. the frequency of occurrence or the natural geographic range or place where any item or category of items occurs
6. placement, location, arrangement, or disposition
7. apportionment: The court decided the distribution of the property among the heirs.
8. the delivery or giving out of an item or items to the intended recipients, as mail or newspapers.
9. the total number of an item delivered, sold, or given out
4. controversy – he major controversy related to land measurement and pricing.
meaning : N. 1. a prolonged public dispute, debate, or contention; disputation concerning a matter of opinion.
2. contention, strife, or argument.
5. allocating – Early methods for allocating unsettled land outside the original 13 colonies were arbitrary and chaotic.
meaning : V. 1. to set apart for a particular purpose; assign or allot
2. to fix the place of; locate.
6. arbitrary – Early methods for allocating unsettled land outside the original 13 colonies were arbitrary and chaotic.
meaning : Adj. 1. subject to individual will or judgment without restriction; contingent solely upon one’s discretion.
2. decided by a judge or arbiter rather than by a law or statute.
3. having unlimited power; uncontrolled or unrestricted by law; despotic; tyrannical
4. capricious; unreasonable; unsupported
5. Mathematics. undetermined; not assigned a specific value
7. chaotic – Early methods for allocating unsettled land outside the original 13 colonies were arbitrary and chaotic.
meaning : Adj. completely confused or disordered
8. astronomical – Using astronomical starting points,………
meaning : Adj. 1. of, pertaining to, or connected with astronomy.
2. extremely large; exceedingly great; enormous
9. insurmountable – The investment needed to purchase these large plots and the massive amount of physical labor required to clear the land for agriculture were often insurmountable obstacles.
meaning : Adj. incapable of being surmounted, passed over, or overcome; insuperable.
10. Preemption – Preemption became national policy in spite of these sectional concerns,……..
meaning : N. the act or right of claiming or purchasing before or in preference to others.
11. Sioux – Sioux Treaty of 1868
meaning : N. a member of the largest tribe of the Siouan stock of North American Indians, who originally occupied Minnesota and Wisconsin and later migrated westward to the Great Plains.
12. havoc – Exploration and settlement of the western United States by Americans and Europeans wreaked havoc on the Indian peoples living there.
meaning : N. great destruction or devastation; ruinous damage. V. to work havoc upon; devastate
13. expansion – In the 19th century the American drive for expansion clashed violently…..
meaning : N. 1. the act or process of expanding. 2. the state or quality of being expanded. 3. the amount or degree of expanding. 4 . an expanded, dilated, or enlarged portion or form of a thing 5. anything spread out; expanse. 6. Mathematics.
14. archive – The struggle over land has defined relations between the U.S. government and Native Americans and is well documented in the holdings of the National Archives.
meaning : N. 1. Usually, archives. documents or records relating to the activities, business dealings, etc., of a person, family, corporation, association, community, or nation. 2. archives, a place where public records or other historical documents are kept. 3. any extensive record or collection of data: The encyclopedia is an archive of world history.
15. frontier – From the 1860s through the 1870s the American frontier was filled with Indian wars and skirmishes.
meaning : N. 1. the part of a country that borders another country; boundary; border. 2. the land or territory that forms the furthest extent of a country’s settled or inhabited regions. 3. Mathematics. boundary (def. 2).
16. skirmish – From the 1860s through the 1870s the American frontier was filled with Indian wars and skirmishes.
meaning : N. 1. Military. a fight between small bodies of troops, esp. advanced or outlying detachments of opposing armies. 2. any brisk conflict or encounter
17. reservation – The United States government set out to establish a series of Indian treaties that would force the Indians to give up their lands and move further west onto reservations.
meaning : N. 1. the act of keeping back, withholding, or setting apart. 2. the act of making an exception or qualification. 3. an exception or qualification made expressly or tacitly. 4.a tract of public land set apart for a special purpose, as for the use of an Indian tribe. 5. an arrangement to secure accommodations at a restaurant or hotel, on a boat or plane, etc. 6. the record kept or assurance given of such an arrangement: Sorry, the hotel has no reservation under that name.
18. demanding – Once gold was found in the Black Hills, miners were soon moving into the Sioux hunting grounds and demanding protection from the United States Army.
meaning : Adj. 1. requiring or claiming more than is generally felt by others to be due. 2. calling for intensive effort or attention; taxing.
19. accordance – Army was ordered to move against wandering bands of Sioux hunting on the range in accordance with their treaty rights.
meaning : N. 1. agreement; conformity. 2. the act of according or granting
20. confiscate – Custer’s detachment was annihilated, but the United States would continue its battle against the Sioux in the Black Hills until the government confiscated the land in 1877.
meaning : V. 1. to seize as forfeited to the public domain; appropriate, by way of penalty, for public use. 2. to seize by or as if by authority; appropriate summarily.
UNIT 4
1. unleashed – In August 1945 the United States unleashed a new weapon of mass destruction against the Japanese ….
meaning : n. 1. to release from or as if from a leash; set loose to pursue or run at will. 2. to abandon control of: to unleash his fury.
2. conventional – Unlike conventional bombs, these new atomic bombs killed in two ways.
meaning : adj. 1. conforming or adhering to accepted standards, as of conduct or taste 2. pertaining to convention or general agreement; established by general consent or accepted usage; arbitrarily determined 3. ordinary rather than different or original: conventional phraseology. 4. not using, making, or involving nuclear weapons or energy; nonnuclear: conventional warfare.
3. sheer – They killed by sheer magnitude of the blast and the resulting firestorm, ….
meaning : n. 1. transparently thin; diaphanous, as some fabrics 2. unmixed with anything else 3. unqualified; utter 4. extending down or up very steeply; almost completely vertical 5. British Obsolete. bright; shining.
4. magnitude – They killed by sheer magnitude of the blast and the resulting firestorm, ….
meaning : n. 1. size; extent; dimensions: to determine the magnitude of an angle. 2. great importance or consequence 3. greatness of size or amount. 4. moral greatness: magnitude of mind. 5. Astronomy.
5. blast – They killed by sheer magnitude of the blast and the resulting firestorm, ….
meaning: n. 1. a sudden and violent gust of wind 2. the blowing of a trumpet, whistle, etc.
6. atomic – Unlike conventional bombs, these new atomic bombs killed in two ways.
meaning : adj. 1. of, pertaining to, resulting from, or using atoms, atomic energy, or atomic bombs 2. propelled or driven by atomic energy 3. Chemistry. existing as free, uncombined atoms. 4. extremely minute.
7. embark – both nations embarked on an arms race while at the same time preparing their citizens in the event that nuclear weapons were deployed.
meaning : n. 1. to board a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle, as for a journey. 2. to start an enterprise, business, etc.
8. incremental – With each incremental increase in the level of hostility between the two superpowers, ….
meaning : n. 1. something added or gained; addition; increase. 2. profit; gain. 3. the act or process of increasing; growth. 4. an amount by which something increases or grows 5. one of a series of regular additions 6. Mathematics.
9. barrier – One technique was to shield oneself from the blast by means of a barrier such as a “fallout shelter.”
meaning : n. 1. anything built or serving to bar passage, as a railing, fence, or the like 2. any natural bar or obstacle 3. anything that restrains or obstructs progress, access, etc.
10. drill – Drilling for nuclear war became a part of life’s routine in the 1950s and like fire drills today in the schools was taken very seriously.
meaning: n. 1. Machinery, Building Trades.
a. a shaftlike tool with two or more cutting edges for making holes in firm materials, esp. by rotation.
b. a tool, esp. a hand tool, for holding and operating such a tool.
2. Military.
a. training in formal marching or other precise military or naval movements.
b. an exercise in such training: gun drill.
all the words derived from http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/superiority
